Clinical and Imaging Characteristics of Diffuse Intracranial Dolichoectasia

Fellows’ Journal Club

The authors retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of patients with diffuse intracranial dolichoectasia and compared demographics, vascular risk factors, additional aneurysm prevalence, and clinical outcomes with a group of patients with vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia. Twenty-five patients had diffuse intracranial dolichoectasia, and 139 had vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia. Patients with diffuse intracranial dolichoectasia were older than those with vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia and had a higher prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms, other visceral aneurysms, and smoking history. Patients with diffuse intracranial dolichoectasia were more likely to have aneurysm growth. They conclude that the natural history of patients with diffuse intracranial dolichoectasia is significantly worse than that in those with isolated vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia.

Abstract

Figure 1 from paper
A 67-year-old man who is a former smoker with a history of a penetrating atheromatous ulcer of the aortic arch (white arrow), a 5.6-cm abdominal aortic aneurysm (circle), and a celiac artery aneurysm (curved arrow, A). The patient had an episode of dizziness and headache and underwent a noncontrast CT of the head, which demonstrated enlarged intracranial arteries. An MRA demonstrated fusiform aneurysmal dilation of the entire right M1 segment measuring 10 mm in maximum diameter and a largely thrombosed fusiform aneurysm of the basilar artery, which measured 18 mm in maximum diameter (B and C). Approximately 9 months later, the aneurysm grew to 25 mm in diameter and started causing obstructive hydrocephalus (D). The patient also had a new perforator pontine infarct at the time (not shown). A programmable ventriculoperitoneal shunt was placed; however, the patient died due to complications of hydrocephalus 3 months later.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Among patients with vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia is a subset of patients with disease affecting the anterior circulation as well. We hypothesized that multivessel intracranial dolichoectasia may represent a distinct phenotype from single-territory vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia. The purpose of this study was to characterize clinical characteristics and angiographic features of this proposed distinct phenotype termed “diffuse intracranial dolichoectasia” and compare them with those in patients with isolated vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of patients with diffuse intracranial dolichoectasia and compared their demographics, vascular risk factors, additional aneurysm prevalence, and clinical outcomes with a group of patients with vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia. “Diffuse intracranial dolichoectasia” was defined as aneurysmal dilation of entire vascular segments involving ≥2 intracranial vascular beds. Categoric and continuous variables were compared by using χ2 and Student t tests, respectively.

RESULTS

Twenty-five patients had diffuse intracranial dolichoectasia, and 139 had vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia. Patients with diffuse intracranial dolichoectasia were older than those with vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia (70.9 ± 14.2 years versus 60.4 ± 12.5 years, P = .0002) and had a higher prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms (62.5% versus 14.3%, P = .01), other visceral aneurysms (25.0% versus 0%, P < .0001), and smoking (68.0% versus 15.9%, P < .0001). Patients with diffuse intracranial dolichoectasia were more likely to have aneurysm growth (46.2% versus 21.5%, P = .09) and rupture (20% versus 3.5%, P = .007) at follow-up. Patients with diffuse intracranial dolichoectasia were less likely to have good neurologic function at follow-up (24.0% versus 57.6%, P = .004) and were more likely to have aneurysm-related death (24.0% versus 7.2%, P = .02).

CONCLUSIONS

The natural history of patients with diffuse intracranial dolichoectasia is significantly worse than that in those with isolated vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia. Many patients with diffuse intracranial dolichoectasia had additional saccular and abdominal aortic aneurysms. These findings suggest that diffuse intracranial dolichoectasia may be a distinct vascular phenotype secondary to a systemic arteriopathy affecting multiple vascular beds.

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Clinical and Imaging Characteristics of Diffuse Intracranial Dolichoectasia
Jeffrey Ross
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