Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: The Dilemma of Delayed Diagnosis

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Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (sdAVFs) usually become symptomatic in elderly men, who are affected 5 times more often than women. Symptoms caused by sdAVF comprise gait disturbances with or without paresis, sensory disturbances in the lower extremities, pain, and sphincter and erectile dysfunction. The authors retrospectively analyzed their medical data base for all patients treated for spinal dural arteriovenous fistula at their institution between 2006 and 2016. Patient age, neurologic status at the time of diagnosis, the duration of symptoms from onset to diagnosis, and follow-up information were evaluated. The extent of medullary T2WI hyperintensity, intramedullary contrast enhancement, and elongation of perimedullary veins on MR imaging at the time of diagnosis were additionally analyzed. Data for long-term outcome analysis were available in 40 patients with a mean follow-up of 52 months. The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 69 years (median, 71 years; range, 53-84 years) with a male predominance (80%). The mean duration of symptoms was 20 months. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas are characterized by inter-individually variable clinical presentations, which make a determination of specific predictors for long-term outcome more difficult. Fast and sufficient diagnosis might result in a better outcome after treatment. The diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula remains markedly delayed, reflecting an ongoing lack of knowledge and awareness among treating physicians of this rare-but-serious disease.

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Figure 4 from Jablawi et al
A, Intraoperative images show the fistula zone (black arrowhead), a narrow arterial feeder (small black arrow), and the elongated radicular drainage vein (white arrow), B, Indocyanine green images confirm the pathologic arterialization of the elongated radicular vein. C and D, The radicular drainage vein is disconnected via clip ligation, and indocyanine green videoangiography confirms the interruption of the pathologic arterialization.

The impact of various radiologic and clinical features on the long-term outcome in spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas is still unclear; thus, they are the purpose of this study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed our medical data base for all patients treated for spinal dural arteriovenous fistula in our institution between 2006 and 2016. Patient age, neurologic status at the time of diagnosis, the duration of symptoms from onset to diagnosis, and follow-up information were evaluated. The extent of medullary T2WI hyperintensity, intramedullary contrast enhancement, and elongation of perimedullary veins on MR imaging at the time of diagnosis were additionally analyzed.

RESULTS

Data for long-term outcome analysis were available in 40 patients with a mean follow-up of 52 months (median, 50.5 months; range, 3–159 months). The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 69.27 ± 9 years (median, 71 years; range, 53–84 years) with a male predominance (n = 32; 80%). The mean duration of symptoms was 20.2 months (median, 10 months; range, 1–120 months). Shorter duration of symptoms at the time of diagnosis was significantly correlated with better outcome of symptoms (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas are characterized by interindividually variable clinical presentations, which make a determination of specific predictors for long-term outcome more difficult. Fast and sufficient diagnosis might result in a better outcome after treatment. The diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula remains markedly delayed, reflecting an ongoing lack of knowledge and awareness among treating physicians of this rare-but-serious disease.

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Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: The Dilemma of Delayed Diagnosis
Jeffrey Ross
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